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The Impact of Islamization on Pashtun Society: A Case Study of District Loralai, Balochistan

Asfandyar , Dr. Abdul Ghafoor — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Islamization in Pakistan, especially during General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime (1977–1988), reshaped social, cultural, and political life. In Pashtun society, tribal codes such as Pashtunwali interacted with Islamic reforms, altering leadership, education, gender roles, and conflict resolution. This study focuses on District Loralai, examining how madrassas, mosques, mullahs, and religious parties transformed traditional structures. Using qualitative method, field observations, interviews, and secondary sources, the research explores localized effects of Islamization on identity, authority, and daily life. Findings contribute to understanding how Islamization reshaped tribal societies and inform policy and educational reforms in Balochistan.

Keywords: Islamization, General Zia-ul-Haq, Pashtun society, Pashtunwali, District Loralai, Madrassas, Mosques, Mullahs, Religious Parties

Keywords: Islamization, General Zia-ul-Haq, Pashtun society, Pashtunwali, District Loralai, Madrassas, Mosques, Mullahs, Religious parties

The Role of International Law in Global Conflict Resolution: A Comprehensive Analysis of Mechanisms, Limitations, And Emerging Challenges

Ms. Saira Ali , Dr. Rafia Naz Ali , Dr Mohammad Jan — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The international law is the main mechanism of managing and solving international conflicts. It is increasingly becoming the system of precepts that now regulates the relations between the sovereign states. This article uses a doctrinal legal approach supplemented by comparative case studies analysis and relies on empirical research of quantitative studies investigating territorial disputes. It focuses on the efficacy of international law machinery, that is, adjudication of territorial controversies by the International Court of Justice to the mediation work of the United Nations, and critically analyzes structural constraints presented by state sovereignty and the Security Council veto. The research differentiates between hard and soft law, investigates ethical dilemmas of international criminal justice and evaluates emerging threats like cyber warfare and armed non-state actors. The results have shown that international law has led to the establishment of stability by way of boundary delamination as well as codification of human protection norms. Experience demonstrates that in cases where the principles of law are clear, and one party has an unambiguous advantage, disputes are fifty-seven percent more likely to be resolved peacefully. However, the international law is still hampered by lack of enforcement mechanisms, political gridlock and a state centric system which restricts the participation of non-state actors. The article closes by observing that institutional reforms, strengthened veto restraint devices, integration of various dispute resolution practices and strategic use of soft law as a bridge to progressive legal development are all needed.

Keywords: International Law, Conflict Resolution, Sovereignty, Global Governance, Security Council Veto, Focal Point Theory

Moderating-Mediating Role of Marital Status and Risk Tolerance in the Relationship of Behavioral Biases and Equity Investors Decision Making

Dr. Muhammad Afzal , Dr. Muhammad Ishaq , Dr. Waleed Khalid , Dr. Khalid Latif — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study examines the Pakistani equity market, where many investors unknowingly fall prey to these biases, affecting both individual investment outcomes and the investor-advisor relationship. The study is carried out by considering that humans are not fully rational agents and their decision making is based on heuristic and shortcuts. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire from the 1015 individual equity investors. The data were analyzed by using the multivariate analysis, followed by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equational Model (SEM). The results show that there is statistically significant effect of representative bias, overconfidence bias, anchoring bias, and availability bias on investment decision making whereas optimism bias is no effect of investment decision making. The behavioral biases including representative bias, overconfidence bias, availability bias and optimism bias significantly influence the investment decision making through the mediators like risk tolerance. The marital status moderates between the behavioral biases and investment decision making.

Keywords: Behavioral Biases, Investment Decisions, Socio-Demographics, Risk Tolerance, Pakistani Equity Market, Behavioral Finance, Marital Status, Pakistan Stock exchange.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20038144

A Comparative Study of Politeness Strategies: An Analysis of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris Speeches in the Presidential Election Campaign

Komal , Dr. Aisha Farid , Nafeesa Hameed — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores politeness strategies in the campaign speeches of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris during the 2024 U.S. presidential election. According to Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory (1987), linguistic strategies of face management, political identity construction, and audience engagement were examined. A total of seven speeches per candidate have been analyzed qualitatively in NVivo 12 based on four main strategies—Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, Bald On Record, and Off-Record. Both candidates use positive politeness as the main strategy, but for different purposes. If, as in Trump's case, positive politeness is mixed with some on-record directness, Trump mostly uses it to establish his authority and rev up his primary group. Harris, by contrast, uses all four strategies to convey cooperation and inclusiveness in institutional decorum through hedging, irony, and metaphor. The research has established that politeness strategies are highly strategic tools for managing face while creating political identities that influence voters in contemporary political discourse.

Keywords: Politeness Strategies; Political Discourse; Election Campaign Speeches; Brown and Levinson; Donald Trump; Kamala Harris

Green HRM Practices and Sustainable Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Green Behavior

Naimat Ullah — Sat, 04 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The paper is an exploration of the connection between Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices and sustainable performance and whether the connection between these two is mediated by employee green behavior (EGB). The paper is based on the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory and the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and aims to suggest that HR systems should integrate sustainability into the routine business processes by shaping the green competencies of the employees, encouraging their motivation to act eco-friendly, and presenting them with opportunities to be involved in the green projects. It involved a quantitative, explanatory survey design, data collection from full-time employees in manufacturing and service organizations, and structural equation modeling as the analysis tool. The findings have shown that GHRM practices have a positive correlation with sustainable performance, based on the triple bottom line (environmental, social and economic outcomes). GHRM has a positive impact on EGB, and EGB significantly predicts sustainable performance. Mediation analysis supports the claim that EGB partially moderates the relationship between GHRM and sustainable performance, and that employee behavior is one of the main mechanisms through which HR practices are translated into sustainability outcomes. The study is significant because it helps understand the behavioral pathway the GHRM has on overall sustainable performance and provides practical recommendations for shaping HR policies that reinforce day-to-day sustainability implementation.

Keywords: Green HRM, Employee Green Behavior, Sustainable Performance, AMO Theory, Social Exchange Theory, Triple Bottom Line, Mediation

Renewable Energy Policies and National Energy Security in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis of Policy Effectiveness and Public Adoption

Hadia Jathol (Correspondent Author) , Sania Shaiq , Dr. Muhammad Muzaffar — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluates Pakistan’s renewable energy policies against international best practices, assesses socioeconomic and environmental impacts, and examines international cooperation, notably the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Despite abundant solar and wind potential, Pakistan faces severe energy insecurity due to fossil fuel dependence. The Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy targets a higher renewable share, yet implementation remains ineffective due to institutional fragmentation and weak public engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach in Punjab province, data from 410 participants (222 male, 188 female) via a Likert-scale questionnaire revealed high awareness of renewable energy but low adoption rates. The data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Key barriers include poor policy awareness, inaccessible government support, and high upfront costs. Nevertheless, public support for renewable investment is strong. Recommendations include simplifying net metering, establishing subsidized financing, and strengthening public-private partnerships through international cooperation to enable an inclusive and sustainable energy transition.

Keywords: Pakistan, Policy, Renewable Energy, Punjab, Economy, Awareness

Constructing Courage: A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Disability in Joni: An Unforgettable Story

Nida Sahito — Sun, 03 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the construction of courage within the lived experience of disability through a psychoanalytic analysis of Joni: An Unforgettable Story (Tada, 1976). Drawing on Freud’s (1923/1961) structural model of the psyche, the research investigates how the interaction between the id, ego, and superego shapes responses to trauma, adaptation, and identity reconstruction. Rather than conceptualizing disability solely as a physical limitation, the study approaches it as a complex psychological and interpretive experience. Using qualitative narrative analysis, the study argues that courage is not an inherent trait but a dynamic psychological construct that emerges through the negotiation of instinctual drives, adaptive mediation, and moral interpretation. The findings demonstrate that autobiographical narration functions as a critical mechanism for integrating trauma into identity, enabling suffering to be reinterpreted as meaningful. The study contributes to psychoanalytic literary criticism by offering a nuanced understanding of courage as an evolving psychological process.

Keywords: Freudian Psychoanalysis; Disability and Identity; Courage as Process; Trauma and Adaptation; Narrative Analysis; Autobiographical Narrative; Resilience

Renewable Energy, Electricity Access, and Oil-Shock Resilience in Africa: Evidence of Complex Resilience Effects from the Iran War Shock

Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the relationship between renewable-energy share, electricity access, and domestic oil-shock resilience in Africa using a monthly panel of 20 countries. Building on earlier evidence that the Iran war shock increased domestic fuel-price and inflation stress while higher renewable-energy shares reduced vulnerability, the analysis tests whether electricity access conditions the resilience effect of renewable energy. The results show that the Iran war shock significantly increased both fuel-price and inflation stress across the sample. Renewable-energy share and electricity access each display shock-buffering effects, although the electricity-access effect is stronger and more robust, especially in the inflation models. However, the findings do not support the expectation that electricity access strengthens the resilience effect of renewable-energy share. Instead, the interaction estimates indicate that the negative effect of renewable share weakens as electricity access rises. Conditional-effect analysis confirms that renewable share exerts its strongest protective effect at lower levels of access, with the effect fading at higher levels. The findings therefore suggest that renewable energy and electricity access function as complementary but non-reinforcing resilience channels. These patterns remain broadly consistent in the dynamic fixed-effects and system GMM robustness checks for the inflation equation. The study contributes to the African energy-security literature by showing that the relationship between renewable penetration, access, and shock resilience is more complex than a simple amplification framework would suggest.

Keywords: Renewable energy; electricity access; oil-shock resilience; Africa; fuel-price stress; inflation stress; panel data; energy security

The AI Co-Pilot: Impact of ChatGPT Usage on the Work Performance of University Librarians in Punjab, Pakistan

Mishal Fatima , Dr. Asim Mahmood khan — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper is an empirical research study that provokes the impact of the artificial intelligence application ChatGPT on the professionalism of university librarians in Punjab, Pakistan. The survey design used was a quantitative, cross-sectional survey, which relied on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the data were collected among 300 librarians working in universities (both public and private). The study evaluated how perceived usefulness of ChatGPT moderated task execution, proactive behaviour and engagement of librarians in their occupation. Some of the statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression modelling. Findings showed that the perception about ChatGPT was significantly positive, and among all three dimensions of performance, the perceived usefulness became a salient predictor. The less experienced librarians indicated so much more perceived usefulness as compared to their more experienced colleagues. Therefore, the current paper builds on TAM by providing a direct connection between perceived usefulness and multidimensional work performance outcomes, thus, providing evidence-based proposals to the library administration, policy formulation, and Library and Information Science education to enable the effective implementation of the generative AI into the academic libraries of developing-counties contexts.

Keywords: ChatGPT, Academic Libraries, Work Performance, Artificial Intelligence, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), LIS Professionals

Geopolitical and Geo-economic Implications of a US–Israel Conflict with Iran: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Pakistan–Iran Relations

Syed Yousaf Raza , Dr. Syed Azhar Hassan Shah — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper will discuss the geopolitics and economic consequences of a war in progress between the US and Israel, with Iran, with a focus on the effects it would have on the political relationship between Pakistan and Iran, and its economic interdependence. The rising tensions among these actors in an unstable international system are not only threatening the stability of the Middle East but also that of other regions, namely South Asia. (Liu, 2025, pp. 130-153) The study will employ a mixed research design, which will combine qualitative research of foreign policy action, diplomatic speech, and strategic-level alignments with quantitative analysis of trade flows, energy interdependencies, and macroeconomic variables.

The findings show that such a huge war would cause extreme political and economic instability, and Pakistan would have to seek means of escaping the complex diplomatic tensions between the big and regional blocs of countries. As Pakistan tries to balance competing interests and political tension is likely to strain its diplomatic ties with the United States, Iran, and the Gulf states in an effort to maintain a close balance between all these relationships. Iran and the Gulf countries Economically, the analysis shows how greatly energy supply chains are exposed to the Strait of Hormuz to potential disruption, higher volatility of the world oil markets, and trade routes.

Moreover, as shown in the paper, the current sanctions imposed on Iran and a change in the relations in the region can further discourage bilateral economic cooperation between Pakistan and Iran. In the meantime, these changes do not provide much opportunity for strategic change. The present work will also play a role in the further elaboration of the changes that have happened in the region due to the conflict. It is based on theoretical insights into realism and geo-economics. The paper concludes with a conclusion and policy options which will help Pakistan to meet its geopolitical obligations as well as protect its economic interests in the rapidly changing strategic environment.

Keywords: War of the US and Iran, Tensions between Israel and Iran, Pakistan and Iran, Geo-economics, mixed methods, foreign policy.

Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Financial Modernization: A Study of BRICS

Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the relationship between the Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the financial modernization of the recipient economy. This study uses 30 years of data ranging from 1994 to 2023. Panel ARDL is used to calculate long-term and short-term results. The results show the positive and significant effect of FDI inflows on financial modernization. The results are found to be consistent in long term as well as in the short term although the effect in long term is slightly less significant compared to the short-term coefficient. Further, the country-specific analysis also suggests that significant coefficients are consistent across all cross-sections. For robustness of the results, this study incorporated FMOLS and the results are positive and significant for inward FDI. This study has significant implications for policymakers regarding the inflow of foreign direct investment. The policies must be supporting the FDI inflows for the hosting country.

Keywords: Financial Modernization, Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development, Economic Development, Trade Liberalization

Analysis of the Problems in the Usage of Verb Phrase Ellipsis for Undergraduate Students of Hazara Region

Sajid Hussain , Ghani Rahman (Corresponding Author) , Qaisar Khan — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the challenges faced by undergraduate English language learners in Hazara region in using elliptical constructions such as verb phrase ellipsis (VPE), including gapping and sluicing. Ellipsis, as an economy-driven grammatical phenomenon, plays a central role in natural discourse but remains underexplored in Pakistani EFL context. The primary objectives of this research were to examine the accuracy and error patterns in learners’ use of these constructions, to identify the influence of instructional gaps and structural complexity, and to propose pedagogical strategies for improvement. The samples were collected from two hundred and eighty-six participants enrolled in different universities of Hazara region at undergraduate level. They were administered diagnostic grammar tasks that assessed VPE, gapping, and sluicing in controlled written tasks. The answers given by the learners were contrasted and compared with the native samples of the British National Corpus (BNC) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The findings revealed the existence of an apparent rank of competence, that VPE had been marginally the most robust category that had moderate accuracy, that sluicing had been partially learned, but that recoverability had been an issue and gapping had been the worst-behaving category in regards to avoidance rates. Patterns in errors suggested that there is low coverage of ellipsis in the curricula and low frequency of input in natural texts. Such pedagogical implications include the explicit teaching of grammar, training in parallelism, training in discourse, and materials based on corpus. The study adds to the existing literature on syntactic acquisition in Pakistani EFL learners and the value of introducing more sophisticated grammar phenomena in a controlled manner to increase communicative competence.

Key Words: Elliptical Constructions, VPE, Gapping, Sluicing, EFL, BNC, COCA

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19922589

Space Warfare: Legal Regulation of Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Weapons under International Humanitarian Law and Space Law

Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper scrutinizes the disposition of Space Laws; in a way they are being followed by countries in current geopolitical and Astropolitical situation. There are many international treaties which deal with space but hardly any treaty which state that whether Anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons are permissible, when it comes to International Humanitarian Law? This Paper gathers all vital information which can clarify the legal capacity of this question. The paper also discusses the comments of countries which possess this technology and the reason which made them to ban these weapons.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Justice System, Policy and Surveillance, Rule of Law and AI Accountability.

Nature, Identity, and Narrative Form in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing: An Ecofeminist Analysis

Rakshanda Sayad Jan , Ijaz Ahmed — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores Margaret Atwood's Surfacing from an ecofeminist perspective and the link between women and nature in a patriarchal society. It is considered the representation of the oppression of women and nature and moreover shows how they are both being exploited in patriarchal societies. The research also readdresses the limits of previous studies and it focuses on themes and narrative form in previous studies by considering the use of first-person narration, fragmented memories, and silence to construct the protagonist's ecofeminist identity and to express her feelings of isolation and trauma. Employing a qualitative textual analysis method and the authors suggest that narrative form is an important way to give voice ecofeminist concerns. The results indicate that the protagonist's reengagement with nature helps her to heal and reflect, allowing her to stand up against patriarchal norms. Ultimately, this paper reveals that Surfacing does not only offers ecofeminist themes but also narrative approaches to enhance the understanding of the connection between the exploitation of nature and the oppression of women.

Keywords: Ecofeminism, Female Identity, Patriarchy, Nature, Narrative Techniques, Memory Fragmentation.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19927636

Development and Establishment of Reliability and Validity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale

Asma Riffaqat , Dr. Roomana Zeb (Corresponding Author) — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic disorder increasing overtime, hence in need of its proper timely assessment. To achieve this objective a valid and reliable tool is needed which gives the accurate assessment of the disorder. There are some scales which already fulfills this function but they are in foreign language which may not yield sound results. For the said purpose 70 statements in Likert format were devised which were reduced to 50 after the thorough check by the expert. The remaining items were scrutinized quantitatively by applying it on a sample of 300 respondents (n=122 OCD & n=178 normal). Item-total correlations resulted in the deletion of five statements less than .30 loading. Independent sample t test also showed that OCD sample scored significantly high than normal population on the scale. Coefficient alpha of .931 also revealed that the newly developed scale is a highly reliable scale. The present scale can be used in clinical and research settings for the proper assessment and treatment of OCD.

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Qualitative Item Analysis, Foreign Language, Chronic Disorder

The Establishment of the State of Medina and Principles of Governance: An Analytical Study of Shia and Sunni Traditions

Syeda farkhanda Batool , Syed Shuhab Uddin Shah — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The earliest systematic polity in the history of Islam is the State of Medina (622632 CE) which was founded by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) after the Hijrah. The paper gives an analytic analysis of its origin, the structure of its constitution and the principles of its governance, based on Sunni and Shia historical narratives. It explores the crucial phases of its establishment such as the building of the Prophet Mosque as the administrative and spiritual headquarters, the Brotherhood (Muakhat) between the Muhajirun and the Ansar, and the historic Constitution of Medina (Mithaq-e-Madina) the first written constitution to establish pluralism, religious freedom, and collective defense in the world. This paper examines the political, economic, social, and defensive ideology that formed the foundation of Medinan leadership. They are Shura (consultation), justice as the basis of the state, economic welfare in the form of Zakat and Bait-ul-Mal, rights of women and minorities, ethical warfare, and foreign policy. Although the Sunni and Shia traditions reveal a total consensus on the initial stage and pillars of justice, consultation, and welfare in the lifetime of the Prophet, disagreements arise, mainly on the leadership and succession in the post-Prophet era. The study emphasizes the universal and eternal applicability of the Medinan model to the modern societies of the Muslims. It provides a practical teaching to contemporary Islamic states in such areas as constitutionalism, rule of law, democratic consultation, economic justice, social harmony, and ethical foreign policy. To the Muslim world, and especially to Pakistan, the State of Medina provides a model to solve the problems of sectarianism, corruption, inequality, and crises of governance in the region and enhance unity, ethical leadership, and human dignity. The article ends with the conclusion that the Medinan state is an evolving and inclusive example that can help Muslim countries to lead to just, prosperous and united societies in the 21 st century.

Keywords: State of Medina, Constitution of Medina, Islamic Governance, Shura, Medinan Model, Shia-Sunni Perspectives, Economic Justice, Pluralism, Contemporary Islamic State, Rule of Law, Pakistan, Muslim World, Ethical Leadership, Social Welfare.

The Concept of Tolerance in the Light of Islamic Teachings and Its Contemporary Applications: A Research Study

Kausar Shaheen , Ayesha Alam , Associate Professor Dr. Naseem Akhter — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research work discusses the concept of tolerance (Rawadari) in Islamic teachings and its relevance in the modern era with particular emphasis on Pakistan. Tolerance in Islam is not passive tolerance of differences but an active virtue derived from the Quran and Sunnah that advocates respect, justice, understanding and harmony among people of diverse backgrounds. The research traced the origins of tolerance from Quranic teachings on religious freedom, benevolence toward the adversaries, and human dignity, to the examples of tolerance from the Prophetic tradition, especially the Treaty of Medina and the Prophet Muhammad's (ﷺ) forgiving attitude towards the people of Makkah and the People of the Book. It also examines the historical implementation of tolerance in the Rashidun Caliphate, Andalusia, and the Ottoman Empire, focusing on rights of non-Muslim minorities and intellectual exchanges in the field of tolerance. In the modern era, the study points to the key factors responsible for intolerance, including religious extremism and sectarianism, political manipulation, and the dark side of social media. The research highlights contemporary practices such as interfaith and intra-faith dialogues, educational reforms for tolerance, cultivating tolerance in the family and society, and constitutional provisions to ensure religious harmony. With a particular reference to multi-ethnic and multi-faith Pakistan, the paper highlights the need for tolerance to promote national unity, social harmony and peaceful co-existence. It finds Islamic tolerance more holistic and divinely inspired than Western secular tolerance. The paper suggests incorporating tolerance education in school curricula, launching interfaith programs, controlling hate speech on social media, and initiating nationwide campaigns on tolerance.

Keywords: Tolerance in Islam, Rawadari, Quranic teachings, Prophetic examples, Religious freedom, Interfaith dialogue, Sectarianism, Social harmony, Pakistan context, Contemporary applications, National unity.

Exploring Pakistan’s Participation in Un Peacekeeping as an Instrument of International Image-Building

Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan has always been one of the highest troop contributing nations in United Nations peacekeeping activities, and the country used it as a foreign policy tool. This study explored the role of Pakistan in the UN peacekeeping operations and discussed how this involvement could be considered as an instrument in the international image-building process. The researchers adopted qualitative research design and used the secondary sources of data, such as official UN reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, and foreign policy documents. The researchers used thematic analysis to identify the trends that connect the role of peacekeeping in Pakistan to its overall diplomatic and other soft power goals. The results indicated that Pakistan employed a role of peacekeeping to project a role of a responsible state, advance military credibility, disrupt the negative discourses associated with terrorism, and solidify bilateral and multilateral ties. The paper also found that the economic incentives and institutional prestige supported the long-term participation of Pakistan to UN missions. The researchers concluded that the presence of peacekeeping was a multidimensional tool of foreign policy, which served reputational, diplomatic, and strategic interests at the same time. This work added to the overall knowledge of how developing states negotiated the world politics by an institutional interaction and not by hard power.

Keywords: United Nations, Peacekeeping Activities, Foreign Policy, International Image-Building Process, Bilateral and Multilateral Ties, Pakistan

Use Of Drones in Armed Conflict and Compliance with International Humanitarian Law

Obhayo Khan , Maryam , Rind Ali — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

States across the worldwide are emerging technologies designed for contemporary warfare. The modern world adopts new technologies in which the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are among these developments. Continuously, the use of drone is expending beyond traditional functions such as surveillance, intelligence collection, and reconnaissance to target minorities and carrying out precision attacks. This research examines the legal framework governing the use of drones in armed conflict and assess the compliance of drone operations with fundamental principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and propose recommendation for strengthen legal accountability and civilian protection. This study argues that the use of drone, in war legally or ethically, heightened concerns under international humanitarian law and international human rights law. This research adopts a doctrinal and qualitative legal research methodology, primary sources include international treaties such as Geneva Convention, Additional Protocols, and Customary International Law. Secondary sources consist of scholarly articles, books report by international organizations and relevant case laws. The Conclusion explains that Under International Humanitarian Law, the legal ambiguities concerned with drone warfare poise fundamental threats so the attack of armed must be identified in which civilians must be separated and if civilians are targeted and high civilian causalities happened, in this situation, the main principles of IHL, distinction and necessity will be violated which are central to IHL.

Keywords: Drone Warfare, International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Armed Conflicts, Autonomous Weapons, Legal Accountability.

Escalation, Deterrence, And Regional Order: An International Relations Analysis of The U.S.–Israel–Iran Conflict

Muhammad Irfan Magray , Shakeel Shaheen , Dr. A.Z. Hilali — Sat, 04 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper looks at the strategic crises between the United States, Israel and Iran using the concept of international relations within the context of international relations theory, the dynamics of escalation, deflection and transformation of regional order in the Middle East. It holds that the U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict is a triangular security dilemma whereby security seeking by each of the involved actors increases the instability in the region as it goes about strengthening deterrence based restraint. Underlying the work are realism, offensive realism and the deterrence theory, which illustrate that instability has become embedded in strategic mistrust, politics of alliance and military posturing and has failed to lead to full scale interstate war. The paper also analyzes the security architecture implication of this conflict to Middle Eastern architecture and evaluates the policy implication of this conflict on Pakistan. It arrives at the conclusion that the regional order is still threatened of being shaken by strategic rivalry unless institutionalized crisis management and rejuvenated diplomatic involvement is enforced.

The Security Consequences of the Abraham Accords

Shoaib Hassan Soomra, Dr. Muhammad Naveed Ul Hasan Shah (Corresponding Author) — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In 2020, the signing of the Abraham Accords is a historic normalization of the relations between Israel and various Arab countries, including the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Such deals represent a dramatic change in the Middle Eastern diplomacy, whose effects go beyond bilateral affairs to regional security politics. This paper discusses the implications of the Abraham Accords on the security front, in terms of military collaboration, strategic partnerships and changes in the perception of threats. Although the Accords are vowed to be a better cooperation in security, it instead adds more tension to the ones already on the table, specifically Iran and certain groups in the Palestinian territories. In terms of developing closer relationships between Israel and Gulf states, the Accords redefine the old ways of friendship and animosity, both in terms of the classical military equilibrium and the wider geopolitical landscape. The study puts emphasis on the two-sidedness of the Accords: they present both avenues of stability and cooperation, but they also add new fault lines in an already turbulent area. By integrating qualitative analysis and synthesis of the research on the topic of regional security, this study offers an insight into how the architecture of the Middle East security has changed and offers implications to policy-makers, academics and regional stakeholders. The results indicate that the emergence of alliances should be handled with a lot of care to avoid spiral growth and a strategic balance within the region.

Keywords: Abraham Accords, Middle East Security, Israel-Gulf Relations, Regional Stability, Strategic Alliances, Geopolitics

Rethinking Teacher Education in a Digital Learning Era

Sanober Baloch , Amber Aziz , Aneela Ali — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence, immersive learning environments, and learning management systems into K‑12 classrooms has fundamentally reshaped teaching and learning, yet teacher education programs remain largely analog in their pedagogical core. This conceptual article argues that the persistent gap between digital classroom demands and traditional teacher preparation requires a systemic, program‑wide rethink rather than isolated technology courses. Drawing on a critical synthesis of empirical literature published between 2020 and 2026, we first identify three dimensions of disconnect: the mismatch between hybrid, data‑rich classrooms and outdated curricula; the over‑reliance on single ed‑tech courses; and the damaging absence of digital pedagogy modeled by teacher educators themselves. We then propose a reconceptualized framework based on three signature pedagogies for digital teacher educators: practice‑based digital design, where pre‑service teachers build and test authentic learning modules; data‑informed reflection, using LMS analytics and AI‑generated transcripts to analyze simulated teaching; and equity‑centered digital praxis, which explicitly addresses digital access, culturally responsive online materials, and algorithmic bias. The framework integrates four overlapping domains Digital Fluency, Pedagogical Reasoning, Critical Ethics, and Clinical Practice. Finally, we outline four implementation pathways including redesigning clinical placements with tech mentors and virtual reality simulators; replacing observation checklists with e‑portfolios and AI‑assisted reflection; investing in faculty development and cross‑disciplinary partnerships; and leveraging accreditation standards to require direct evidence of digital teaching performance. Without such systemic change, teacher education will continue to produce graduates unprepared for the classrooms they will enter. This article offers teacher educators, administrators, and policymakers a rigorous, evidence‑based roadmap for bridging the most urgent educational divide of our time.

Keywords: Teacher Education Reform; Digital Pedagogy; TPACK; Signature Pedagogies; Clinical Practice; Artificial Intelligence

Examining Media Narratives on Pakistan Army's Role in UN Peacekeeping and Global Peace-Building Efforts

Dr. Ruqiya Anwar, Ms. Maria Khalid, Dr. Riffat Alam — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the transformative role of youth as an emerging force in shaping contemporary governance structures worldwide, with particular emphasis on developing democracies. Through a mixed-methods approach combining secondary data analysis, interviews with young activists and politicians, focus group discussions, and case studies from regions including South Asia and Africa, the study traces the historical evolution of youth movements from traditional student activism to digital-era hybrid mobilization. It analyzes theoretical foundations, contemporary mechanisms of influence via social media and youth-led initiatives, and their tangible impacts on climate policy, anti-corruption efforts, education reform, and digital governance. Findings reveal that despite significant demographic advantages and innovative contributions, youth remain severely underrepresented in formal institutions due to structural barriers, ageism, and economic constraints. The research highlights both successful integration models and cautionary examples of tokenism, underscoring the urgent need for institutional reforms to convert youthful energy into sustained governance outcomes. By bridging the gap between participation and influence, societies can harness the demographic dividend, strengthen democratic resilience, and address pressing global challenges more effectively. The study concludes that meaningful youth inclusion is essential for building innovative, accountable, and future-ready governance systems in an era of rapid change.

Keywords: Youth Political Participation, Digital Activism, Governance Reform, Demographic Dividend, Youth Representation, Intergenerational Politics

Youth in Politics: A New Force Shaping Governance

Dr. Qamar-un-Nisa — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Keywords: Youth Political Participation, Digital Activism, Governance Reform, Demographic Dividend, Youth Representation, Intergenerational Politics

Unraveling Gender Discrepancy and a Feminist Call for Social Change: A Transitivity Analysis of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Selected Poems

Fatima Ahmed , Sajjad Ali — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the representation of women and gender discrepancy in selected poems of Charlotte Perkins Gilman through the lens of Transitivity, a key component of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) developed by M.A.K. Halliday. The research adopts a qualitative approach and analyzes six poems: The Housewife, One Girl of Many, To the Indifferent Women, An Obstacle, Wedded Bliss, and To Mothers. By examining process types, participant roles, and circumstantial elements, the study uncovers how linguistic choices construct social meanings and reinforce or challenge patriarchal ideologies. The findings reveal a dominant use of material, relational, and mental processes to depict women lived experiences, subordination, and evolving awareness. The study concludes that Gilman’s poetic discourse not only exposes gender inequality but also functions as a powerful call for social reform.

Keywords: Gender Discrepancy, Feminism, Transitivity, SFL, Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Minilateralism in Nuclear Governance: Functional Adaptation or Normative Fragmentation?

Tariq Abbas — Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the growing role of Minilateralism in contemporary nuclear governance and assesses whether it constitutes an effective adaptation to multilateral stagnation or a source of deeper regime fragmentation. While the global nuclear order remains formally anchored in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, persistent legitimacy deficits, compliance asymmetries, and procedural paralysis have encouraged the rise of smaller, issue-specific coalitions. Using a qualitative comparative case study methodology, the article analyzes three prominent cases: the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and AUKUS. The study applies an integrated theoretical framework combining neorealism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism to evaluate minilateralism through three analytical dimensions: power, efficiency, and legitimacy. Findings indicate that minilateral arrangements often outperform universal forums in terms of speed, targeted coordination, and technical problem-solving. However, these gains are frequently offset by selective participation, concentrated authority, and inconsistent norm application, which weaken perceptions of fairness and erode the coherence of the broader non-proliferation regime. The article argues that minilateralism is neither a replacement for multilateral nuclear governance nor a purely benign supplement. Rather, it is producing a hybrid governance order in which universal institutions retain symbolic legitimacy while smaller coalitions increasingly exercise operational authority. This transformation carries significant implications for strategic stability, norm durability, and the future architecture of global nuclear governance.

Keywords: Nuclear Governance; Non-Proliferation Regime; Regime Fragmentation; Strategic Competition; Global Nuclear Order; International Security

Diplomatic Correspondence of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with the Negus: Analytical Review of its Consequences and Implications

Sayed Noor Ullah Shah , Dr. Sumaira Ashraf , Sayed Hasnain Shah — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper explores the strategic and diplomatic significance of the letters dispatched by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to the Negus (Ashama ibn Abjar) of the Kingdom of Aksum. Beyond their primary theological objective, these missives established a foundational framework for international relations and diplomatic immunity in early Islamic history. By employing an analytical and descriptive methodology, this study examines the immediate outcomes of this correspondence, such as the provision of political asylum to the early Muslim migrants and the subsequent recognition of Islam in the African continent. Furthermore, the paper provides a contemporary reassessment of this diplomatic encounter, presenting it as a normative model (Uswah) for modern-day Muslim minorities living in non-Muslim states. It argues that the Prophetic approach emphasizes mutual respect, interfaith dialogue, and legal integration while maintaining religious identity, offering vital insights for navigating the socio-political challenges of the 21st century.

Keywords: Prophetic Diplomacy, Abyssinia, Tolerance, Kingdom of Aksum, The Negus, Muslim Minorities, International Relations, Political Asylum, Ethiopia, Correspondence, Interfaith Dialogue.

Derivation of Economic Principles from the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and a Critical Analysis of the Current Global Financial Crisis

Dr. Qazi Abdul Manan , Dr. Zeeshan — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research critically assesses the economic lessons from the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and their application as an alternative to the current global economic crisis of 2025-2026. The study demonstrates the pitfalls of the capitalist interest-based economy with rampant debt, speculative markets, income inequality, ethical degradation, and periodic financial bubbles, which have resulted in inflation, joblessness, poverty, and economic instability. By contrast, the Prophetic economic system prioritises justice, risk-management, ethics, moderation and real economic growth. The research draws on the Meccan and Medinan phases of the Seerah to identify key principles such as the prohibition of usury (riba), prohibition of hoarding (ihtikar), encouragement of profit-loss sharing (mudarabah and musharakah), zakat-based wealth redistribution, fair trade practices, and state regulation of markets. The principles are juxtaposed with modern economic aberrations such as interest-based debt cycles, scarcity, consumerism and moral decay. The study also examines the implementation of these principles in contemporary Islamic finance, takaful, zakat-based social welfare and ethical finance. The study shows Islamic finance has excelled during the 2025-2026 crisis, far better than conventional finance due to its asset-based and risk-sharing structures. The research concludes that the Seerah provides a holistic, ethical and sustainable economic model that can resolve current issues such as inequality, financial crises and environmental sustainability. It recommends embracing Prophetic principles to create a just global economic system in the interests of humanity and sustainability.

Keywords: Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, Islamic Economics, Global Financial Crisis 2025-2026, Interest-free Banking, Zakat and Wealth Circulation, Ethical Finance, Profit-Loss Sharing, Sustainable Economy

Shari'ah and Ethical Review of Investment in Unstable Currencies: A Research Study in the Context of the Iranian Rial

Dr. Zeeshan , Mohib Ullah — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper provides an in-depth Shariah and ethical perspective on investment in volatile currencies with particular focus on the Iranian Rial. In a world of economic sanctions, geopolitical tensions and inflation, unstable currencies are a complex challenge for Muslim investors looking for halal investment opportunities. The research analyses the extent to which investment in highly unstable currencies such as the Iranian Rial is in accord with Islamic economic principles. It examines fundamental Shariah principles of Bay‘ al-Sarf (currency exchange), Riba (interest), Gharar (excessive uncertainty) and Qimar (gambling). It concludes that trading for speculation, leverage and margin trading, and holding currencies only for the expected price appreciation in the market of the Iranian Rial include elements of Gharar fahish and Qimar, making such investments prohibited. The research examines live economic data from 2025-2026 and the Iranian Rial's extreme volatility (1.3-1.6 million IRR per USD), inflation (68.9%), and high liquidity risks due to sanctions. From a moral standpoint, the study finds that exploiting a sanctioned and distressed economy is economic exploitation, contrary to the Islamic objectives (Maqasid al-Shari‘ah) of the preservation of wealth and avoiding injustice. It highlights Islamic brotherhood and justice, noting that these investments create divisions among Muslims. The paper concludes that investing in volatile currencies for speculative gains is prohibited by Shariah. It suggests Muslim investors engage in ethical and real economic activities such as productive businesses, gold, real estate, and Shariah-compliant financial instruments. The paper offers recommendations for individuals, Islamic financial institutions, and policymakers to encourage halal investment in volatile economic situations.

Keywords: Unstable Currencies, Iranian Rial, Shariah Analysis, Gharar, Riba, Islamic Finance, Ethical Investment, Sanctions, Speculation, Maqasid al-Shari‘ah.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Students’ Engagement and Satisfaction in Public Sector Universities of Quetta

Mariya Mengal , Dr. Zahida Abdullah — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of artificial intelligence on students’ engagement and satisfaction level at higher education in Quetta. The proposed work employed a quantitative approach or was descriptive survey design of research in nature. Data was collected through an adaptive standardized Questionnaire using simple random sampling technique from a sample including all of the public university students of Quetta. This study was focused on investigating the impacts of artificial intelligence on students’ engagement and satisfaction level at higher education. The present study was beneficial for educational planners, stakeholders, educational systems to incorporate AI- driven platforms in learning activities and make informed decisions regarding integration of AI-powered tools in the curriculum. SPSS Software version 23 was used as to summarize and interpret the data by analysis of descriptive and inferential Statistic. The findings of the present study will inform the policy makers and stakeholders and collaborators to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) powered platforms and adaptive systems in higher education to enhance the learning outcomes of the students.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Engagement, Satisfaction and Higher Education.

Assessing Capability Maturity in Freight Forwarding and Third-Party Logistics Firms in Pakistan: A Mixed-Methods Approach Using the Capability Maturity Index

Mudasser Awais , Dr. Atif Hussain — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research assesses process maturity of freight forwarding and third-party logistics (3PL) companies in Pakistan using the Capability Maturity Model (CMM). While logistics play a pivotal role in ensuring efficiency of trade and effectiveness of the supply chain, there is lack of empirical evidence on process maturity in the logistics industry of emerging economies. The study adopted a mixed research approach, incorporating exploratory interviews with top managers and a quantitative structured questionnaire to 125 member firms of the Pakistan International Forwarders and Freight Agents Association (PIFFA). The qualitative analysis provided insights on the major drivers of immaturity: low adoption of modern digital systems, lack of process standardization and integration, failure to take data-driven decisions, and inadequate monitoring and feedback measures. This helped develop a quantitative measurement tool based on the Capability Maturity Index (CMI). As shown, the majority of firms are at Maturity Level 2 (Managed) and 3 (Defined) with little advancement toward higher levels of process optimization. Inferential testing reveals ownership structure and age of firm as significant predictors of maturity levels. Overall, the industry appears to have capability issues that reflect lack of technological integration and performance management processes. The results offer learnings for digital innovation and process standardization to improve logistics capabilities in Pakistan.

KEYWORDS: Capability maturity; freight forwarding; third-party logistics (3PL); logistics performance; digital transformation; supply chain capability; emerging economies; Pakistan

Necessities, Lacks, and Wants in Allied Health Education: An ESP Needs Analysis of English Language Learning Priorities among Pakistani Health Sciences Students

Wed, 22 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the English language learning requirements of allied health students at Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) in Pakistan, based on the Hutchinson and Waters (1987) needs analysis model of necessities, lacks and wants. A quantitative descriptive survey approach was employed and 309 allied health students (DPT, Pharm-D, MLT, RIT, Nursing, OTT) participated in the 3rd, 5th and 7th academic semesters. Structured five-section questionnaire was used to measure perceptions of previous Functional English teaching, self-competence in professional communication, and ESP course needs and priorities, as well as language learning preferences through a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis was done through SPSS, descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha, independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVAs were calculated. Findings indicate that the needs of students revolve around patient communication and counselling (90.0% agreement; first on the D8 checklist as rated by 64.7% of the respondents), clinical documentation and field-specific medical vocabulary. Lacks represent a medium assessment of the current Functional English classes (M = 3.46, 0893), the lowest score is given to the genuine use of material (M = 3.21). Wants are articulated by high demands on authentic clinical scenarios (M = 4.38, 89.6%), activities that are task-focused and interactive learning modalities. The instrument reliability was also good (α=.917). There were no found large differences in ESP needs in terms of gender or semester, which proves the universality of the need among the aq. The study presents empirically-based evidence regarding the design of a contextually-appropriate ESP course in allied health education at GCUF, and higher education as a public sector.

Keywords: necessities, lacks, wants, ESP needs analysis, allied health education, health sciences English, Pakistan, GCUF, clinical communication, Hutchinson and Waters

Narratives of Resistance: Women's Self-Empowerment in Selected Fiction of Angelou and Atwood

Aqsa Ashraf, Prof. Dr. Nailah Riaz — Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores narratives of resistance and women's self-empowerment in selected works of Maya Angelou and Margaret Atwood through the lens of intersectional feminism. Using qualitative textual analysis and close reading, it examines how female protagonists negotiate patriarchal oppression, racial marginalization, and socio-cultural constraints. Drawing on Crenshaw's (1989) concept of intersectionality and feminist literary theory, the study analyzes The Heart of a Woman (1981) and The Edible Woman (1969) to uncover strategies of resistance, Identity formation, and empowerment. The findings reveal that empowerment is a gradual process involving self-awareness, resistance, and redefinition of identity. This study contributes to feminist discourse by highlighting cross-cultural similarities in women's struggles and emphasizing literature as a transformative tool for social critique and personal liberation.

Keywords: Intersectionality, Feminism, Women's Empowerment, Resistance, Maya Angelou, Margaret Atwood, Narrative Analysis, Self-Identity

The Rights of Indigenous Peoples to their Ancestral Land in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of the Existing Laws and Policies

Shah Faisal Hamad , Obhayo Khan , Rind Ali , Muhammad Mussadiq — Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In Pakistan, the concern over the rights of the natives does exist over the lands of their forefathers, as policies and laws are usually not effective enough to protect them. Despite international obligations, which Pakistan has ratified, in several instances, land rights remain ambiguously defined or entirely unrecognized in Pakistan’s domestic law for the indigenous people and one witnesses forced evictions, land grabbing and environmental degradation as well. The main and primary aim of this research paper is to critically analyze the existing legislation includes the Land Acquisition Act 1984, Forest Act 1927 and the absence of constitutional protection to indigenous people’s land rights. Furthermore, this research paper will also look into Pakistan’s commitments to the international organizations including the UN Declaration on the Rights of indigenous Peoples and the International Labour Organization. This study primarily relies on doctrinal legal research, focusing on the critical analysis of laws and their practical implementation. TThis study aims to examine the urgency of legal reforms which will also be analyzed to safeguard land rights of natives in Pakistan through an analysis of legal gaps, policy shortcomings and case studies. In conclusion, Pakistan has to meet the international standards and preserve the culture diversity of its indigenous people as they are taken by the developed countries, which demonstrate constitutional recognition, land restitution, and participatory governance are not possible but necessary to achieve justice and reconciliation.

Keywords: Indigenous People Rights, Ancestral Land, Cultural Protection, Land Acquisition, UNDRIP, Legal Framework.

Healing the Land, Healing the Future: A Transformative Ecocritical Study of “A Worm to the Wise”

Eman Ihsan , Muhammad Haneef Khan , Marwa Wakeel — Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we will look at the intimate relationship between healing the earth and healing ourselves through an ecocritical approach. The paper sheds light on how the soil reclamation process evolves into a potent symbol of reconnecting human emotions, values, and relationships in a world devastated by climate through the story A Worm to the Wise by Marissa Lingen. The narration reveals that it is not only a scientific challenge but also a personal and emotional experience of a person to restore the Earth. The story revolves around Augusta, who is a young journalist and starts off at a soil reclamation farm, at first necessity. But with time spent attending to the land, she gradually learns to feel more responsible, purposeful and part of nature. The broken land she works on is symbolic of the greater evil that humans have caused to the Earth, and her increasing commitment points to the fact that people can be a part of the solution. Just as Augusta gets to know how to cherish the soil, she also reinvents her place in a climate-changed world. This transformation makes the story important in terms of ecology and the way it contributes to the healing of man, particularly during crisis. The article states that inner healing and environmental restoration go hand in hand. It highlights the ecological accountability that contributes to reconstructing inner strength and community values through the metaphor of soil reclamation.

Keywords: Ecocriticism; soil reclamation; environmental healing; human–nature interconnection; ecological accountability; climate crisis; sustainability; narrative and ecological consciousness.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19654607

Fabrication and Characterisation of ZnO Nanoparticle-Reinforced Aluminum Alloys for Sustainable and Economically Feasible Architectural Applications

Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rise in the need to have sustainable, durable, and economical construction materials has promoted the creation of high level metal matrix composites to be used in architectural constructions. In this paper, the artificial, characterisation, as well as the empirical analysis of ZnO nanoparticle reinforced aluminium alloy is explored with an emphasis on its mechanical behaviour, future sustainability, and economic viability. The composites were made through the stir casting method with a different fraction of weight of the ZnO nanoparticles to increase dispersion and bonding of the matrix. To examine material performance mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength, and microstructural behaviour were studied. Furthermore, a survey was carried out in the form of a structured survey among construction and materials engineering professionals to assess perceived sustainability and economic viability. SmartPLS-based structural equation modelling was used to analyse the collected data to determine the relationships between material performance, sustainability, and economic feasibility. The findings show that ZnO nanoparticle reinforcement has a significant effect in enhancing mechanical strength, hardness and thermal stability of the aluminium alloys. The analysis of SmartPLS proves that the material performance produces the positive influence on sustainability and economic feasibility to a great extent. Moreover, sustainability also shows the substantial positive effect on economic viability, which means that eco-friendly materials also help to achieve cost-effectiveness over time. The model has a decent explanatory and predictive power, which proves the strength of the proposed framework. In general, the results indicate that ZnO-reinforced aluminium composites are very well adapted to sustainable architectural uses since they have improved performance and lifecycle cost advantages. The paper concludes that the incorporation of nanotechnology into the construction materials can be crucial in the development of sustainable infrastructure especially in the developing economies where cost effectiveness and durability is paramount. Further studies are suggested to identify industrial-scale applications and environmental lifecycle analysis.

Keywords: ZnO Nanoparticles; Aluminium Alloys; Metal Matrix Composites; Sustainable Construction Materials; Smartpls Analysis; Economic Feasibility; Nan Composites

Investigating the Role of Learner Motivation in Enhancing English Language Proficiency among College Students in Pakistan

Saeed Ahmed Wadho (Corresponding Author) , Dr. Gohar Zaman , Saima Sarwar — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the role of learner motivation in enhancing English language proficiency among college students in Sindh, Pakistan. English, being a global lingua franca and a key medium of instruction in higher education, demands effective learning strategies supported by strong motivational factors. The research aims to examine how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation influence students’ abilities in reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. A quantitative research design was employed, involving a random sample of college students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring motivational levels and language proficiency indicators. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between learner motivation and English language proficiency. Students with higher intrinsic motivation, such as personal interest and self-development goals, demonstrated better language competence than those primarily driven by extrinsic factors, such as grades or employment prospects. Additionally, the classroom environment, teacher support, and the integration of engaging instructional strategies were found to play crucial roles in fostering motivation. The study concludes that enhancing learner motivation is essential for improving English language outcomes among college students. It recommends that educators adopt student-centered approaches, incorporate technology, and design interactive activities that stimulate learners’ interest and engagement. Policymakers are also encouraged to develop curricula that emphasize motivational strategies alongside linguistic skills. This research contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the contextual significance of motivation in language learning within Sindh’s educational landscape.

Keywords: Learner Motivation, English Language Proficiency, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, College Students

Teaching the Writing of English: Exploring the Impact of SRSD-Based ESL Writing Instruction on the Undergraduate Students

Abdul Ghaffar Jat , Sumaya Ismail Samoon , Shah Jahan Khatti — Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model in improving the writing skills of undergraduate students. A quantitative quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 60 students were selected through random sampling and assigned to an experimental group that received SRSD-based instruction. The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks, with two class sessions per week. A pre-test and post-test were administered to measure students’ writing performance before and after the treatment. The results showed a significant improvement in the writing performance of the experimental group after receiving SRSD instruction. Students demonstrated better organization of ideas, improved writing quality, and stronger self-regulation in writing tasks. The findings indicate that the SRSD model is an effective instructional approach for enhancing writing skills at the undergraduate level. It also helps improve students’ confidence and reduces writing-related difficulties. However, further studies are recommended to test the effectiveness of SRSD in different educational settings and larger populations.

Keywords: SRSD, self-regulation, undergraduate students, ESL writing, writing performance, quantitative study

A Review on Internal Control Lapses in Public Sector Universities

Shahzad Akhtar , Sheraz Akhtar — Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This systematic literature review synthesizes the evolving body of research on internal control lapses in public sector universities, drawing on 115 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026. The analysis reveals a significant surge in scholarly attention, particularly post-2020, driven by global pressures for accountability, post-pandemic financial scrutiny, corruption risks, and alignment with international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) and Sustainable Development Goals. Leadership especially ethical and transformational styles emerges as a critical catalyst that orchestrates innovative processes such as AI-driven anomaly detection, blockchain-enabled procurement traceability, ERP-integrated real-time monitoring, and automated compliance systems, thereby embedding robust governance across financial, operational, compliance, and strategic dimensions. Ethical leadership fosters moral stewardship, relational trust, and long-term institutional orientation, while transformational leadership inspires visionary change and adaptive behaviors, collectively enabling COSO-aligned controls, fraud minimization, and resilience amid resource constraints. Descriptive findings highlight methodological dominance of quantitative designs (50%), geographic concentration in developing economies (Asia/Africa 65%), and sectoral focus on general public universities (50%), with notable under-representation of social/ethical lapses, small/regional institutions, and longitudinal studies. Thematic synthesis identifies five interconnected clusters such as leadership/governance styles shaping control dynamics, innovation pathways, internal control pillars (COSO framework), antecedents and skills (ethical culture, training, technological acumen), and performance outcomes (reduced audit findings, financial integrity, and institutional resilience). Despite robust evidence of leadership’s catalytic role, persistent gaps include limited longitudinal depth, cultural contingency models, and integrated frameworks for resource-constrained contexts. The review advances prior work by explicitly bridging internal control theory with innovation and leadership as pathways to holistic governance, offering both theoretical insight and a forward-looking agenda. It calls for methodological pluralism (qualitative and mixed-methods), empirical expansion into underrepresented sectors (e.g., healthcare universities) and geographies, theoretical integration with agency, stewardship, and institutional theories, and practical tools for university administrators to assess and strengthen internal control systems.

Keywords: Internal Control Lapses, Public Sector Universities, Ethical Leadership, Digital Innovation, COSO Framework, Governance Resilience

Students’ Attitudes toward Research: An Empirical Study of MPhil Students at Universities in Turbat, Balochistan

Nazeer Ahmed , Dr. Abdul Majid Nasir , Nadia Nazeer — Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The title of this research article is Students Attitudes towards Research, An Empirical Study on MPhil Students at University at, Balochistan and the authors aimed to establish the trends of responses of MPhil students to research-related experiences. The research design was used a quantitative survey research, which sought to establish the attitude of the students towards research. The population of the study is comprised 60 MPhil students enrolled in various departments of the university. The sample of the study is consisted of 40 MPhil scholar in respective department. Data were collected from the study subject, convinced sampling method was employed to collect data. Questionnaires was administrated to the subjects, five point Likert scale was used to collect responses of the participants. There were four variables in the questionnaire, the Research usefulness, (RU) Research anxiety (RA), Positive attitudes (PA) and Research Difficulties (RD) and the reliability test provided a Cronbachs alpha of 0.70 with a decisive ruling in favor of good internal consistency. Interpretation of the data was done using the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) in SPSS 23. The findings gave an impression of the general research attitude of MPhil scholars who noted patterns in perceptions, engagement and reactions to research experiences.

Keywords: Research Attitudes, Research Anxiety, Research Difficulties

Psychological Capital as a Moderator between Job Stress and Work-Life Balance: Evidence from Married Working Women

Muhammad Naeem , Fatima Akabar — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This quantitative correlational study examined psychological capital as a moderator of the association between job stress and work-life balance among married working women in Pakistan. Grounded in Conservation of Resources Theory, Spillover Theory, and Role Conflict Theory, the research utilized a cross-sectional survey design with a purposive sample of 210 married women employed across public and private sectors in Lahore, Pakistan. Standardized instruments included the Job Stress Scale (Parker & DeCotiis, 1983), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), and the Work-Life Balance Scale (Fisher et al., 2009). Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that job stress exhibited a significant inverse relationship with psychological capital and with all subdimensions of work-life balance. Conversely, psychological capital demonstrated significant positive associations with work-life balance dimensions. Moderation analysis via Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 1) revealed a significant interaction effect (B = .021, p < .001), with the overall model accounting for 37.8% of the variance in work-life balance. Simple slopes analysis showed that women reporting high psychological capital sustained or improved work-life balance under elevated job stress, while those with low psychological capital displayed a marked deterioration in work-life balance at comparable stress levels. The findings empirically validate the buffering function of psychological capital within Pakistan’s sociocultural milieu, where married working women navigate compounded occupational and domestic role demands. Results advocate for targeted organizational strategies such as resilience-based training, structured mentorship programs, and institutionalization of family-supportive policies to cultivate psychological capital and foster sustainable work-life balance.

Keywords: Job Stress, Psychological Capital, Work-Life Balance, Married Working Women, Moderation

Efficacy of Vocabulary Teaching through Podcasts on Vocabulary Knowledge at the Tertiary Level

Ume Rubab , Fiza Khan , Taimoor Gurmani (Corresponding Author) — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study examined the effectiveness of podcasts in teaching vocabulary at the tertiary level and considered students' views on their use in language learning. The research employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive view of the use of podcasts in ESL vocabulary teaching. In the quantitative phase, tertiary-level learners were allocated into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was taught with the help of podcast-based materials with transcripts, glossaries, and follow-up tasks, whereas the control group was taught traditionally. The outcomes of the post-test revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups and that the experimental group scored higher than the control group, which indicated that podcast-based instruction was more effective in vocabulary acquisition and retention. In the case of the qualitative stage, the results of the responses of students demonstrated that they had rather positive attitudes toward the use of podcasts. Students reported that podcasts were interesting, adaptable and useful in contextual and repeated exposure to vocabulary. They also claimed that podcasts also promoted learner autonomy and made the process of vocabulary learning more engaging and individualized. Nevertheless, there were certain difficulties observed, particularly, foreign accents and absence of non-verbal or visual signals. Generally, the research finds that podcasts are a practical and student friendly means of acquiring vocabulary at a tertiary level, particularly when supplemented with other teaching resources and not as an alternative to the conventional teaching.

Keywords: Podcasts, Vocabulary Learning, ESL learners, Language Teaching

Methodological Foundations of Legal Research: A Critical Examination of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Socio-Legal Approaches

Mr. Ayaz Khan , Aisha Nayab Qureshi , Professor Dr. Muhammad Zubair Khan — Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Legal research methodology has undergone significant transformation over the past several decades, evolving from traditional doctrinal analysis toward increasingly interdisciplinary and empirical approaches. This paper provides a comprehensive critical examination of three foundational methodological paradigms in contemporary legal scholarship: doctrinal legal research, comparative law methodology, and socio-legal studies. Through systematic analysis of recent scholarly developments, this study evaluates the epistemological foundations, methodological procedures, strengths, and limitations of each approach. The paper argues that while doctrinal research remains essential for maintaining legal coherence and normative clarity, its integration with comparative and socio-legal methodologies offers the most robust framework for addressing complex legal challenges in an era of globalization and rapid social change. The analysis draws upon verified scholarly sources to demonstrate how methodological pluralism has become not merely an academic preference but a necessity for effective legal research. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal research methodology by proposing a synthesized framework that preserves the rigor of traditional doctrinal analysis while incorporating the contextual insights of comparative and empirical approaches.

Keywords: Legal Research Methodology, Doctrinal Research, Comparative Law, Socio-Legal Studies, Empirical Legal Research, Interdisciplinary Legal Scholarship

Impact of Relationship Marketing on Customer Loyalty, moderating effect of Commitment and Trust: Age and Management Type as a moderator in SMEs

Dr. Sayyed Adnan Shabbir , Mehmona Rafaqat, Misbah Batool — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In today's extremely competitive market place, customer loyalty is believed to have a pivotal role in the achievement of corporate sector. This study investigates the influence of relationship marketing on customer loyalty, while interceding trust and commitment. Research in this area says that acquiring customers are cost effective, so companies must emphasize on retaining the existing customers. Relationship marketing is an effort towards identification of the factors which may have a positive bearing upon customer loyalty in SME’s. The data collected was from 300 customers and 15 different stores in Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, Pakistan. Study was cross sectional and data collection was done on 5-point Likert scale which makes it a quantitative study. The outcome of testing hypothesis illustrates that the relationship marketing has a noteworthy role on the customer loyalty, along with customer trust and commitment, pays a vital role in maintaining a strong relation-ship between them. For store owners/managers, the present study has important implications in terms of creating an overall climate within store which stress the importance of creating and preserving relationship with clienteles. Finally, implementations are strained from these outcomes, limitations and future research guidelines are also proposed.

Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Customer Loyalty, Trust, Commitment, SME’s

A Comparative Study of Great Power Conflicts and Islamic Principles of Jihad and Diplomacy

Asma Musharaf , Associate Professor Dr. Naseem Akhter — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study is a comparative analysis of the great power struggles and the Islamic values of jihad and diplomacy in the modern international system. It also looks critically at the way hegemonic states engage in power politics due to political interests, economic assets and ideological confrontations to often result in long term instability, civilian casualties and degradation of international norms. The research specifically concentrates on the crisis in 2026 in Iran, caused by the US-Israel collaborative military operation Operation Epic Fury that took place on February 28, 2026, and led to the destruction of Iranian military, nuclear, and leadership facilities, which caused regional spurring, Strait of Hormuz disruption, and a tenuous ceasefire at the beginning of April 202 The paper uses the Quranic teachings and Prophetic traditions as the basis of understanding the Islamic ideas of jihad as being mainly defensive, justice-seeking, and adhering to stringent ethical guidelines of engagement that emphasize the safety of non-combatants, proportionality, and war as a final option. It compares this to the current realpolitik whose aggression and collateral damage is often normalized. The study also examines Islamic diplomacy in the light of the strategies of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which is evidence of strategic forbearance, adherence to pacts and avoidance of confrontation in favor of compromise. An explicit case study of the Iran-US conflicts proves that though power-based strategies only worsen the situation, Islamic concepts are a more morally appropriate and practically realistic model that focuses on mediation, toleration, and peacebuilding. The possibility of the Ummah in the form of institutions such as the OIC is brought out as a channel of ethically resolving conflict. The paper concludes that Islamic ideas of jihad and diplomacy offer a strong moral alternative to the current approaches of great power that encourage long-term peace based on justice, and not dominance. It provides policy suggestions to statesmen and indicates the future research path on the implementation of these rules in hybrid warfare and multilateral venues.

Keywords: Great power conflicts, Islamic jihad, Islamic diplomacy, power politics, Operation Epic Fury, Iran-US tensions 2026, just war theory, conflict resolution, mediation, global peacebuilding

Social Capital and Desistance: A Qualitative Analysis of Incarcerated Juveniles' Experiences in Pakistan's Juvenile Justice System

Rizwan Ali , Dr. Abid Hussein Khan , Shakeel Ahmad Rajper — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The juvenile justice systems of the low- and middle-income countries have focused on legal conformity to the international conventions including the UNCRC, but legal adherence often fails to provide social reintegration. The data were reinterpreted through a social capital lens to explore desistance-related themes. The present research changes the analytical emphasis on structural implementation to the socio-psychological desistance processes by focusing on the perceived role of social capital in the desistance process among incarcerated juveniles in Pakistan. The qualitative socio-legal design was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with 30 incarcerated juveniles, 8 civil judges/judicial magistrates and 20 legal practitioners (advocates and prosecutors) in Karachi. Using the typology of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, our thematic analysis shows a serious paradox of access versus impact: almost all juvenile prisoners said that they had universal access to legal services, and educational opportunities, but nearly one-third of population believed that they had positively changed as a result of rehabilitation programs. Judges came to a unanimous opinion that the absence of rehabilitation infrastructure is the most significant obstacle in the way of restorative sentencing, and legal practitioners emphasized the failure to implement the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, and demanded independent rehabilitation centers. Results showed that bonding social capital (family/peer support) is fairly strong yet not enough to create desistance, and bridging capital (relationships to employment, mentors, diverse social groups) and linking capital (institutional trust and advocacy) are extremely weak, a phenomenon known as a bonding trap, and which impairs long-term desistance. The paper concludes that community-based initiatives in LMICs should be characterized as network-promoters that proactively create both bridging and linking relationships based on vocational training and employment placement, mentorship contracts and formalized relationships with civic institutions. Policy recommendations are mandatory quality audits of reintegration using social capital measures, amendment of law enforcement standard operating procedures to construct linking capital, and creation of special juvenile rehabilitation facilities that deliver trauma-informed, self-efficacy-building care. The paper provides a practical framework of how to transform juvenile justice by changing it to an asset building model, by contributing empirical evidence in a South Asian context to the growing body of literature on social capital and desistance.

Keywords: Juvenile Justice, Social Capital, Desistance, Bonding, Bridging, Linking, JJSA, Rehabilitation

Macroeconomic Instability in Pakistan: The Interplay of Inflation Dynamics, Debt Sustainability, and Energy Sector Inefficiencies under IMF Programs

Dr. Tasneem Akhter, Dr. Syed Hilal Mubarak , Dr. Syed Fahad Ali Shah — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the interconnected dynamics of inflation, public debt, and energy sector inefficiencies in Pakistan over the period 2000–2026, focusing on the post-IMF program context. Pakistan’s economy has faced persistent macroeconomic challenges, including high inflation, rising fiscal deficits, and an acute energy crisis characterized by circular debt. These factors not only undermine price stability but also constrain industrial growth and overall economic development. Using annual data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the State Bank of Pakistan, and the World Bank, this research employs advanced time-series econometric techniques, including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Vector Autoregression (VAR/VECM), to analyze both short-run and long-run relationships among key macroeconomic variables such as inflation (CPI), interest rates, public debt, circular debt, industrial growth, and exchange rates.The findings provide evidence on the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation amidst structural and external vulnerabilities, and they reveal the significant impact of circular debt on industrial productivity. The simulated ARDL, VAR, and VECM results highlight the short-term dynamics, causal relationships, and long-run equilibria that are critical for formulating macroeconomic policy. The study emphasizes the need for integrated policy measures that combine fiscal prudence, energy sector reform, and strategic monetary interventions to stabilize inflation, enhance debt sustainability, and promote industrial growth. These insights are expected to guide policymakers in designing resilient macroeconomic strategies for Pakistan in the post-IMF era.

Keywords: Macroeconomic Instability in Pakistan, Inflation Dynamics, Debt Sustainability, Energy Sector and Inefficiencies under IMF

The Institutional Paralysis in Asymmetric Conflict: Testing Neoliberal Institutionalism Through The Gaza Crisis

Muhammad Ansaar Mehsood , Muhammad Idrees , Zahidullah Jabarkhail — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

International institutions are usually regarded as the instruments that can be used to control conflict, enforce the international law, and safeguard civilians. According to Neoliberal Institutionalism, state behavior can be restrained, and humanitarian damage can be reduced through rules, norms, and interaction between institutions. These assumptions are critical in the Gaza crisis. International law adherence was extremely low and even with the existence of political, legal, and humanitarian institutions, there were still massive civilian sufferings. This research paper reviews the work of international institutions in the Gaza crisis to determine the disparity between the mandate of the institutions and empirical results. The study examines the roles of the United Nations Security Council, international legal institutions and humanitarian agencies using a qualitative analysis, which is informed by secondary data, which includes institutional reports, legal proceedings, and scholarly sources. The results indicate a tendency of institutional engagement that has not been enforced influenced by political paralysis, power asymmetry as well as geopolitical interests. Institutions were still functionally alive but substantively dead in changing the conflict dynamics or protecting civilians. The paper proves that institutional efficiency is very conditional and limited in asymmetric conflict. The Gaza case underscores the constraints of the neoliberal institutionalist expectations and more generally the issue of the ability of world governing frameworks to limit conflicts in circumstances of power domination.

Keywords: Gaza Crisis, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Power Politics, UN, Security Council, Israel, Palestine

Green Consumerism and Contemporary Fiction: An Eco-Marxist Study

Rakia Imtiaz , Prof. Dr. Nailah Riaz — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article interrogates the complex portrayal of green consumerism within contemporary fiction through the theoretical lens of Eco-Marxism. It argues that while literature often reflects the growing societal push towards environmentally conscious purchasing, it simultaneously subjects this phenomenon to a rigorous critique, exposing its limitations and contradictions within the overarching structure of capitalism. By analyzing a selection of key contemporary novels, including Richard Powers's The Overstory, Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife, Abbi Waxman's The Garden of Small Beginnings, and Christy Lefteri's The Beekeeper of Aleppo, this research demonstrates how narrative fiction serves as a vital medium for Eco-Marxist thought. These works not only depict the commodification of nature and the ensuing ecological crises but also problematize the notion that individual consumer choice can suffice in addressing systemic failures. The findings suggest that contemporary eco-fiction functions as a powerful pedagogical tool, challenging the ideologies of green capitalism and advocating for a fundamental, systemic transformation towards ecological socialism as the only viable path to genuine sustainability.

Keywords: Eco-Marxism, Green Consumerism, Contemporary Fiction, Ecocriticism, Capitalism, Sustainability, Commodification of Nature

A Critical Evaluation of Pakistan National Climate Change policy 2012

Abdul Basit (Corresponding Author) — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study demonstrates a critical evaluation of Pakistan's National Climate Change Policy 2012, investigating its effectiveness in addressing the country's growing environmental challenges. The research examines the key policy objectives, implementation strategies, and institutional framework in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It appraises the extent to which policy corresponds with international climate commitments and sustainable development goals; nevertheless, it identifies the gaps in governance, execution and monitoring operations. Specifically, attention is given to the sectoral responses, evapotranspiration, agriculture, water resources, and disaster risk management. Furthermore, the study explores the role of stakeholders, policy coherence, and institutional capacity in shaping climate outcomes. Findings reveal that the policy provides a comprehensive framework. Nevertheless, its influence has been constrained due to weak implementation, limited resources, and coordination challenges.

Keywords: National Climate Change Policy 2012, NCCP 2012, Pakistan, Climate Change Policy

Contribution of Social, Moral & Fiscal Family Support on Sports Achievements of Players of Punjab Province

Wed, 08 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The main purpose of the study was to find out how social, moral, and financial support of family affects Punjabi athletes' sporting accomplishments. Quantitative metrics were the foundation of the previous study. All student-athletes from Punjab public universities made up the population of this study. For the study, 2000 volunteers in total were enlisted. One thousand survey cases made up the sample size. Using a purposive sample approach, the target group consisted of student-athletes between aged (19 to 25), who were keenly participating in sports at university level. Two self-made structured questionnaires were used to gather data. Both descriptive (mean, percentage, & standard deviation) and inferential statistic were used. Multiple linear Regression was used to assess the influence of social, financial and moral support of family on sports achievement of athlete at university level. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS. The results investigated that all the independent variable (social, moral and fiscal support of family) had significant contribution athlete’s achievements in sports. It was concluded that if proper contribution of social moral & fiscal family support provided to the Punjab Province players, this might have significance of positive effect on sports achievements.

Keywords: Social, moral, & fiscal support, athletes, sports achievements, & university level.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19475158

Why Pakistan Needs a Graduated Legal-Criminal Justice Response to Digital Radicalisation: Importance, Necessity, and Applications of the AYAZ KHAN Model

Mr. Ayaz Khan , Professor Dr. Muhammad Zubair Khan — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Digital radicalisation has transformed the legal and institutional landscape of counter-extremism in Pakistan. Online extremist ecosystems now operate through social media, encrypted messaging, video-sharing platforms, and increasingly fragmented digital environments that blur the boundary between protected expression, extremist advocacy, facilitation, and terrorism-linked conduct. Drawing on a wider socio-legal doctoral study, this article explains the importance, necessity, and applied value of the AYAZ KHAN Model, a structured legal-criminal justice framework developed to address digital radicalisation in Pakistan. The article argues that existing law remains fragmented across the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 and its later amendments, regulatory practice, and institutional routines. That fragmentation produces conceptual instability, threshold ambiguity, evidentiary fragility, institutional overlap, and procedural vulnerability. In response, the AYAZ KHAN Model proposes eight integrated components: assessment of risk, yardsticks of legal threshold, authentication and attribution of digital evidence, zoned intervention and response, knowledge-led institutional coordination, human rights and procedural justice safeguards, accountability and appellate review, and neutralization, rehabilitation, and normative reintegration. The article demonstrates why this model is needed, how it improves on both the current Pakistani framework and selected comparative approaches, and where it can be applied across prevention, investigation, prosecution, adjudication, rehabilitation, and policy coordination. It concludes that Pakistan requires not a more punitive but a more coherent, reviewable, and evidence-based response to digital radicalisation.

Keywords: Digital Radicalisation, Pakistan, Criminal Justice, Preventive Justice, Digital Evidence, Terrorism Law

Plato’s Theory and the Metaphysical Dualism

Qurratulain Sardar, Dr. — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Plato’s theory of imitation (mimesis) is inherently grounded in the philosophical foundations of the existence of reality. His reflective introspection on arts and poetry deeply echoes in the theoretical doctrines of The Republic and Ion, ascends mainly from the theoretical concerns about reality, knowledge, and existence (Plato, trans. 1997). To Plato, art is inseparable from metaphysics, presents within the paradigm of existing structure of reality, where the eternal world of ideas (perfect) is superior to the world of senses (imperfect,) in other way, the four D reality (world of forms) is where from the ideas flow to the three D world (world of sensory appearance) to become the part of the reality.

Keywords: Plato, Metaphysical Dualism, Theory of Forms, Ontology, Epistemology, Reality vs Appearance, Idealism, Utopia