Renewable Energy Policies and National Energy Security in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis of Policy Effectiveness and Public Adoption

Abstract

This study evaluates Pakistan’s renewable energy policies against international best practices, assesses socioeconomic and environmental impacts, and examines international cooperation, notably the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Despite abundant solar and wind potential, Pakistan faces severe energy insecurity due to fossil fuel dependence. The Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy targets a higher renewable share, yet implementation remains ineffective due to institutional fragmentation and weak public engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach in Punjab province, data from 410 participants (222 male, 188 female) via a Likert-scale questionnaire revealed high awareness of renewable energy but low adoption rates. The data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Key barriers include poor policy awareness, inaccessible government support, and high upfront costs. Nevertheless, public support for renewable investment is strong. Recommendations include simplifying net metering, establishing subsidized financing, and strengthening public-private partnerships through international cooperation to enable an inclusive and sustainable energy transition.

Keywords: Pakistan, Policy, Renewable Energy, Punjab, Economy, Awareness