Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Policing In Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis of Legal, Ethical, And Institutional Challenges

Abstract

The role of AI in law enforcement has grown significantly over the years, especially with the advent of predictive policing models that aim to improve crime prevention and resource distribution. This study discusses the legal, ethical and institutional issues surrounding the creation and application of AI predictive crime prevention models in Pakistan. Data was collected using qualitative research approach and analyzed using thematic analysis, in-depth interviews were conducted with legal experts, law enforcement officials, and technological specialists. The findings indicate that while there is great potential for Pakistan to leverage AI to enhance policing effectiveness, the current legal framework, which mainly comprises the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, is inadequate to govern AI systems, including in terms of data privacy, algorithmic accountability and transparency. The study also sheds light on the important issues concerning surveillance practices, algorithmic bias, absence of informed consent and threats to the constitutional right to dignity of humans. The stakeholders highlight the need for a well-defined regulatory framework to ensure that AI technologies are used in an ethical and legal manner, which includes the proposed Personal Data Protection Bill 2023. The study finds that a combination of legal changes, technical measures, institutional controls, and interdisciplinary cooperation is necessary to make AI-driven predictive policing effective while respecting the rights of individuals and promoting technological advances in crime prevention.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Policing, Crime Prevention, Data Privacy, Algorithmic Bias, Legal Framework, Pakistan, PECA 2016, Data Protection, Ethical AI