Familial Enmities in Pashtun Society: Causes, Consequences, and Conflict Resolution Mechanisms-A Case Study of District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

Familial enmities have remained a significant social issue in many Pashtun communities, where disputes between families often continue for generations and influence social relations, community stability, and local development. This research examines the causes, consequences, and conflict resolution mechanisms of familial enmities in District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study explores how factors such as land and property disputes, honor-related conflicts, political rivalries, personal disagreements, and weak dispute resolution practices contribute to the persistence of family-based conflicts. It further analyzes the social, economic, and psychological consequences of these enmities, including loss of lives, insecurity, displacement, damaged social relationships, and disruption of educational and economic activities. The study also investigates the role of traditional institutions, particularly the jirga system, along with formal legal structures and emerging community-based approaches in resolving such disputes. Using a qualitative research approach, the study relies on interviews with community elders, local leaders, affected families, and legal practitioners to understand the dynamics of familial conflicts in the region. The findings aim to provide a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural factors behind family feuds and suggest practical strategies for strengthening conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms. The research contributes to the broader discussion on peacebuilding, social cohesion, and indigenous conflict management practices in Pashtun society.

Keywords: Familial Enmities, Pashtun Society, Family Feuds, Conflict Resolution, Jirga System, Social Conflict, District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa