Pakistan-Afghanistan Relation: Analyzing Traditional and Non-Traditional Security Challenges Since 2021-2024

Abstract

This study examines the traditional and non-traditional security challenges to Pakistan from Afghanistan after the US withdrawal through the lens of neo-classical realism. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, the relationship of Afghanistan and Pakistan is marked by continuous disagreements and disputes leading to mistrust and enmity. This study analyzes the traditional security challenges like state sponsored terrorism and Duran Line issue as well as non-traditional security challenges being faced by Pakistan after US withdrawal. Using qualitative approach, data is collected from various primary and secondary sources including government reports, security reports by think-tanks, academic journals and expert interviews. The finding indicates that traditional and non-traditional security challenges such as terrorism, Durand Line issue, drug, water conflict, refugee crisis and smuggling of arms and drug trafficking are key irritants that are being faced by Pakistan, which is overshadowing the diplomatic efforts. This study discusses the status of both traditional and non-traditional security challenges, while the international and domestic factors which is shaping the behavior of the states. This research briefly discusses the Afghan perspective and proposes strategies to address these problems.

Keywords: Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations, Traditional Security Challenges, Non-Traditional Security, Regional Stability, Post-2021 Dynamics